How to add and remove subtitles in an MKV file?
I have a good quality MKV file that has several subtitle options. I want to add an additional subtitle file to the list. I'm using OSX.
Some search online led me to use video converters, and basically re-encode the movie into a new file. That seems really overkill to me. Plus I may loose the previous subtitles, and some image quality along the way.
macos video subtitles matroska
add a comment |
I have a good quality MKV file that has several subtitle options. I want to add an additional subtitle file to the list. I'm using OSX.
Some search online led me to use video converters, and basically re-encode the movie into a new file. That seems really overkill to me. Plus I may loose the previous subtitles, and some image quality along the way.
macos video subtitles matroska
add a comment |
I have a good quality MKV file that has several subtitle options. I want to add an additional subtitle file to the list. I'm using OSX.
Some search online led me to use video converters, and basically re-encode the movie into a new file. That seems really overkill to me. Plus I may loose the previous subtitles, and some image quality along the way.
macos video subtitles matroska
I have a good quality MKV file that has several subtitle options. I want to add an additional subtitle file to the list. I'm using OSX.
Some search online led me to use video converters, and basically re-encode the movie into a new file. That seems really overkill to me. Plus I may loose the previous subtitles, and some image quality along the way.
macos video subtitles matroska
macos video subtitles matroska
edited Jan 13 '18 at 1:35
JakeGould
31.7k1097139
31.7k1097139
asked Jun 18 '13 at 15:30
nutenute
78471833
78471833
add a comment |
add a comment |
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
Removing subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -S # remove all subtitle tracks
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s 3,4 # remove tracks 3 and 4
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s '!3' # remove all subtitle tracks except 3
mkvmerge -i input.mkv # show track numbers
Adding subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv subs.srt
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv --language 0:ger --track-name 0:German subs.srt
Extracting subtitles:
mkvextract tracks input.mkv 3:subs.srt
for f in *.mkv; do
sub=$(mkvmerge -i "$f" | awk '$4=="subtitles"{print;exit}')
[[ $sub ]] || continue
[[ $sub =~ S_TEXT/ASS ]] && ext=ass || ext=srt
track=$(awk -F '[ :]' '{print $3}' <<< "$sub")
mkvextract tracks "$f" "$track:${f%mkv}$ext"
done
mkvmerge and mkvextract can be installed with brew install mkvtoolnix
.
2
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use--default-track '0:0'
.
– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
add a comment |
There are two basic ways of showing subtitles. You can encode the pixels into the video itself. This is called "hardsubbing". The advantage here is the simplicity for the video player, it's just a video stream. The disadvantages are that you had to reencode the video, which takes time, and has some fidelity loss. If you get a better translation, well, it's pixels in the video. And you can only have one language.
What is somewhat better is "softsubbing", which is to have a text file someplace, separate from the video stream. There are many different formats of subtitle files, but at their base they all have "text, start what time, remove what time" at their core. Some have additional features like colors and orientation on the screen. The advantage to this is you can have multiple languages (think of a DVD, you have multiple languages available) and you can fix typos and such in the file. And if you don't need subtitles, well you just turn them off.
Softsubs can either be separate files - most players will automagically look for subtitles with the same name (different extension) as the main video. Or certain container file formats (like MKV) can have them embedded inside. Check out MKVtoolnix (there is a mac port) for MKV file tools. This should let you embed softsubs without reencoding.
Note that not all players can support all formats. My experience is that XBMC has issues with SSA files, but the much simpler SRT files are fine. VLC will play anything, if it's supported on your platform.
1
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
1
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
add a comment |
I realize this is an old question and user495470
’s answer has been accepted as of 2013, but since part of the question is about adding subtitles to files, I wanted to add this new addition.
Basically, I needed to merge dozens of .ass
subtitles into similarly named MKV files, so doing this one command at a time was not cutting it. So I whipped up this simple Bash script that will search the current directory it’s run from for .ass
files and then merge them as expected.
find -E . -maxdepth 1 -type f -iregex '.*.(ASS|SRT)$' |
while read FILEPATH
do
DIRNAME=$(dirname "${FILEPATH}");
BASENAME=$(basename "${FILEPATH}");
FILENAME="${BASENAME%.*}";
EXTENSION="${BASENAME##*.}"
mkvmerge -o "/Users/jake/${FILENAME}"-NEW.mkv "${FILENAME}".mp4 --language 0:eng --track-name 0:English "${FILENAME}"."${EXTENSION}"
done
Of course, this simple script assumes that the subtitles are English and merges them as such, but that can be manually adjusted per usage need; the big issue of automatically merging the subtitles with the MKV is solved by a simple script like this.
add a comment |
protected by slhck Jan 17 '14 at 14:15
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
Removing subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -S # remove all subtitle tracks
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s 3,4 # remove tracks 3 and 4
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s '!3' # remove all subtitle tracks except 3
mkvmerge -i input.mkv # show track numbers
Adding subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv subs.srt
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv --language 0:ger --track-name 0:German subs.srt
Extracting subtitles:
mkvextract tracks input.mkv 3:subs.srt
for f in *.mkv; do
sub=$(mkvmerge -i "$f" | awk '$4=="subtitles"{print;exit}')
[[ $sub ]] || continue
[[ $sub =~ S_TEXT/ASS ]] && ext=ass || ext=srt
track=$(awk -F '[ :]' '{print $3}' <<< "$sub")
mkvextract tracks "$f" "$track:${f%mkv}$ext"
done
mkvmerge and mkvextract can be installed with brew install mkvtoolnix
.
2
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use--default-track '0:0'
.
– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
add a comment |
Removing subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -S # remove all subtitle tracks
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s 3,4 # remove tracks 3 and 4
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s '!3' # remove all subtitle tracks except 3
mkvmerge -i input.mkv # show track numbers
Adding subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv subs.srt
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv --language 0:ger --track-name 0:German subs.srt
Extracting subtitles:
mkvextract tracks input.mkv 3:subs.srt
for f in *.mkv; do
sub=$(mkvmerge -i "$f" | awk '$4=="subtitles"{print;exit}')
[[ $sub ]] || continue
[[ $sub =~ S_TEXT/ASS ]] && ext=ass || ext=srt
track=$(awk -F '[ :]' '{print $3}' <<< "$sub")
mkvextract tracks "$f" "$track:${f%mkv}$ext"
done
mkvmerge and mkvextract can be installed with brew install mkvtoolnix
.
2
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use--default-track '0:0'
.
– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
add a comment |
Removing subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -S # remove all subtitle tracks
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s 3,4 # remove tracks 3 and 4
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s '!3' # remove all subtitle tracks except 3
mkvmerge -i input.mkv # show track numbers
Adding subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv subs.srt
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv --language 0:ger --track-name 0:German subs.srt
Extracting subtitles:
mkvextract tracks input.mkv 3:subs.srt
for f in *.mkv; do
sub=$(mkvmerge -i "$f" | awk '$4=="subtitles"{print;exit}')
[[ $sub ]] || continue
[[ $sub =~ S_TEXT/ASS ]] && ext=ass || ext=srt
track=$(awk -F '[ :]' '{print $3}' <<< "$sub")
mkvextract tracks "$f" "$track:${f%mkv}$ext"
done
mkvmerge and mkvextract can be installed with brew install mkvtoolnix
.
Removing subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -S # remove all subtitle tracks
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s 3,4 # remove tracks 3 and 4
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv -s '!3' # remove all subtitle tracks except 3
mkvmerge -i input.mkv # show track numbers
Adding subtitles:
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv subs.srt
mkvmerge -o output.mkv input.mkv --language 0:ger --track-name 0:German subs.srt
Extracting subtitles:
mkvextract tracks input.mkv 3:subs.srt
for f in *.mkv; do
sub=$(mkvmerge -i "$f" | awk '$4=="subtitles"{print;exit}')
[[ $sub ]] || continue
[[ $sub =~ S_TEXT/ASS ]] && ext=ass || ext=srt
track=$(awk -F '[ :]' '{print $3}' <<< "$sub")
mkvextract tracks "$f" "$track:${f%mkv}$ext"
done
mkvmerge and mkvextract can be installed with brew install mkvtoolnix
.
answered Jun 18 '13 at 22:24
LriLri
31.4k590131
31.4k590131
2
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use--default-track '0:0'
.
– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
add a comment |
2
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use--default-track '0:0'
.
– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
2
2
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
MKVMerge GUI is already available on Mac OS X, but nevertheless, it's a good how to for console fans.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:35
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use
--default-track '0:0'
.– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
Note that the above commands for adding subtitles also set the subtitles as “enabled by default” when playing the file. (This flag can be confirmed using the MKVMerge GUI.) To avoid this, use
--default-track '0:0'
.– Mathias Bynens
May 5 '16 at 20:45
add a comment |
There are two basic ways of showing subtitles. You can encode the pixels into the video itself. This is called "hardsubbing". The advantage here is the simplicity for the video player, it's just a video stream. The disadvantages are that you had to reencode the video, which takes time, and has some fidelity loss. If you get a better translation, well, it's pixels in the video. And you can only have one language.
What is somewhat better is "softsubbing", which is to have a text file someplace, separate from the video stream. There are many different formats of subtitle files, but at their base they all have "text, start what time, remove what time" at their core. Some have additional features like colors and orientation on the screen. The advantage to this is you can have multiple languages (think of a DVD, you have multiple languages available) and you can fix typos and such in the file. And if you don't need subtitles, well you just turn them off.
Softsubs can either be separate files - most players will automagically look for subtitles with the same name (different extension) as the main video. Or certain container file formats (like MKV) can have them embedded inside. Check out MKVtoolnix (there is a mac port) for MKV file tools. This should let you embed softsubs without reencoding.
Note that not all players can support all formats. My experience is that XBMC has issues with SSA files, but the much simpler SRT files are fine. VLC will play anything, if it's supported on your platform.
1
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
1
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
add a comment |
There are two basic ways of showing subtitles. You can encode the pixels into the video itself. This is called "hardsubbing". The advantage here is the simplicity for the video player, it's just a video stream. The disadvantages are that you had to reencode the video, which takes time, and has some fidelity loss. If you get a better translation, well, it's pixels in the video. And you can only have one language.
What is somewhat better is "softsubbing", which is to have a text file someplace, separate from the video stream. There are many different formats of subtitle files, but at their base they all have "text, start what time, remove what time" at their core. Some have additional features like colors and orientation on the screen. The advantage to this is you can have multiple languages (think of a DVD, you have multiple languages available) and you can fix typos and such in the file. And if you don't need subtitles, well you just turn them off.
Softsubs can either be separate files - most players will automagically look for subtitles with the same name (different extension) as the main video. Or certain container file formats (like MKV) can have them embedded inside. Check out MKVtoolnix (there is a mac port) for MKV file tools. This should let you embed softsubs without reencoding.
Note that not all players can support all formats. My experience is that XBMC has issues with SSA files, but the much simpler SRT files are fine. VLC will play anything, if it's supported on your platform.
1
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
1
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
add a comment |
There are two basic ways of showing subtitles. You can encode the pixels into the video itself. This is called "hardsubbing". The advantage here is the simplicity for the video player, it's just a video stream. The disadvantages are that you had to reencode the video, which takes time, and has some fidelity loss. If you get a better translation, well, it's pixels in the video. And you can only have one language.
What is somewhat better is "softsubbing", which is to have a text file someplace, separate from the video stream. There are many different formats of subtitle files, but at their base they all have "text, start what time, remove what time" at their core. Some have additional features like colors and orientation on the screen. The advantage to this is you can have multiple languages (think of a DVD, you have multiple languages available) and you can fix typos and such in the file. And if you don't need subtitles, well you just turn them off.
Softsubs can either be separate files - most players will automagically look for subtitles with the same name (different extension) as the main video. Or certain container file formats (like MKV) can have them embedded inside. Check out MKVtoolnix (there is a mac port) for MKV file tools. This should let you embed softsubs without reencoding.
Note that not all players can support all formats. My experience is that XBMC has issues with SSA files, but the much simpler SRT files are fine. VLC will play anything, if it's supported on your platform.
There are two basic ways of showing subtitles. You can encode the pixels into the video itself. This is called "hardsubbing". The advantage here is the simplicity for the video player, it's just a video stream. The disadvantages are that you had to reencode the video, which takes time, and has some fidelity loss. If you get a better translation, well, it's pixels in the video. And you can only have one language.
What is somewhat better is "softsubbing", which is to have a text file someplace, separate from the video stream. There are many different formats of subtitle files, but at their base they all have "text, start what time, remove what time" at their core. Some have additional features like colors and orientation on the screen. The advantage to this is you can have multiple languages (think of a DVD, you have multiple languages available) and you can fix typos and such in the file. And if you don't need subtitles, well you just turn them off.
Softsubs can either be separate files - most players will automagically look for subtitles with the same name (different extension) as the main video. Or certain container file formats (like MKV) can have them embedded inside. Check out MKVtoolnix (there is a mac port) for MKV file tools. This should let you embed softsubs without reencoding.
Note that not all players can support all formats. My experience is that XBMC has issues with SSA files, but the much simpler SRT files are fine. VLC will play anything, if it's supported on your platform.
edited Jun 18 '13 at 16:04
answered Jun 18 '13 at 15:57
Rich HomolkaRich Homolka
25.4k64367
25.4k64367
1
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
1
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
add a comment |
1
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
1
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
1
1
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
Good answer, though it should be noted that some soft-subtitles -- especially DVD subtitles -- are bitmap-based, rather than text-based. The main effect of which is to make them almost impossible to edit -_-
– evilsoup
Jun 18 '13 at 16:17
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
@evilsoup thanks, didn't know that.
– Rich Homolka
Jun 18 '13 at 17:04
1
1
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
Yep, IDX+SUB VOBsub, where IDX is a text file but SUB contains bitmaps.
– Karan
Jun 18 '13 at 19:20
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
changed link to the direct download page.
– Bora
Jun 18 '13 at 23:38
add a comment |
I realize this is an old question and user495470
’s answer has been accepted as of 2013, but since part of the question is about adding subtitles to files, I wanted to add this new addition.
Basically, I needed to merge dozens of .ass
subtitles into similarly named MKV files, so doing this one command at a time was not cutting it. So I whipped up this simple Bash script that will search the current directory it’s run from for .ass
files and then merge them as expected.
find -E . -maxdepth 1 -type f -iregex '.*.(ASS|SRT)$' |
while read FILEPATH
do
DIRNAME=$(dirname "${FILEPATH}");
BASENAME=$(basename "${FILEPATH}");
FILENAME="${BASENAME%.*}";
EXTENSION="${BASENAME##*.}"
mkvmerge -o "/Users/jake/${FILENAME}"-NEW.mkv "${FILENAME}".mp4 --language 0:eng --track-name 0:English "${FILENAME}"."${EXTENSION}"
done
Of course, this simple script assumes that the subtitles are English and merges them as such, but that can be manually adjusted per usage need; the big issue of automatically merging the subtitles with the MKV is solved by a simple script like this.
add a comment |
I realize this is an old question and user495470
’s answer has been accepted as of 2013, but since part of the question is about adding subtitles to files, I wanted to add this new addition.
Basically, I needed to merge dozens of .ass
subtitles into similarly named MKV files, so doing this one command at a time was not cutting it. So I whipped up this simple Bash script that will search the current directory it’s run from for .ass
files and then merge them as expected.
find -E . -maxdepth 1 -type f -iregex '.*.(ASS|SRT)$' |
while read FILEPATH
do
DIRNAME=$(dirname "${FILEPATH}");
BASENAME=$(basename "${FILEPATH}");
FILENAME="${BASENAME%.*}";
EXTENSION="${BASENAME##*.}"
mkvmerge -o "/Users/jake/${FILENAME}"-NEW.mkv "${FILENAME}".mp4 --language 0:eng --track-name 0:English "${FILENAME}"."${EXTENSION}"
done
Of course, this simple script assumes that the subtitles are English and merges them as such, but that can be manually adjusted per usage need; the big issue of automatically merging the subtitles with the MKV is solved by a simple script like this.
add a comment |
I realize this is an old question and user495470
’s answer has been accepted as of 2013, but since part of the question is about adding subtitles to files, I wanted to add this new addition.
Basically, I needed to merge dozens of .ass
subtitles into similarly named MKV files, so doing this one command at a time was not cutting it. So I whipped up this simple Bash script that will search the current directory it’s run from for .ass
files and then merge them as expected.
find -E . -maxdepth 1 -type f -iregex '.*.(ASS|SRT)$' |
while read FILEPATH
do
DIRNAME=$(dirname "${FILEPATH}");
BASENAME=$(basename "${FILEPATH}");
FILENAME="${BASENAME%.*}";
EXTENSION="${BASENAME##*.}"
mkvmerge -o "/Users/jake/${FILENAME}"-NEW.mkv "${FILENAME}".mp4 --language 0:eng --track-name 0:English "${FILENAME}"."${EXTENSION}"
done
Of course, this simple script assumes that the subtitles are English and merges them as such, but that can be manually adjusted per usage need; the big issue of automatically merging the subtitles with the MKV is solved by a simple script like this.
I realize this is an old question and user495470
’s answer has been accepted as of 2013, but since part of the question is about adding subtitles to files, I wanted to add this new addition.
Basically, I needed to merge dozens of .ass
subtitles into similarly named MKV files, so doing this one command at a time was not cutting it. So I whipped up this simple Bash script that will search the current directory it’s run from for .ass
files and then merge them as expected.
find -E . -maxdepth 1 -type f -iregex '.*.(ASS|SRT)$' |
while read FILEPATH
do
DIRNAME=$(dirname "${FILEPATH}");
BASENAME=$(basename "${FILEPATH}");
FILENAME="${BASENAME%.*}";
EXTENSION="${BASENAME##*.}"
mkvmerge -o "/Users/jake/${FILENAME}"-NEW.mkv "${FILENAME}".mp4 --language 0:eng --track-name 0:English "${FILENAME}"."${EXTENSION}"
done
Of course, this simple script assumes that the subtitles are English and merges them as such, but that can be manually adjusted per usage need; the big issue of automatically merging the subtitles with the MKV is solved by a simple script like this.
edited Jan 20 at 3:21
answered Jan 8 '18 at 2:39
JakeGouldJakeGould
31.7k1097139
31.7k1097139
add a comment |
add a comment |
protected by slhck Jan 17 '14 at 14:15
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?